![]() ![]() ![]() The cases are provided in two groups: discussion cases and discussion cases with clicker questions ( Appendices A & B). By implementing some or all of these cases, instructors in medical schools, residency programs, and CME settings can promote high-level discussion of the ethical complexities of practicing medicine in the genomic era. Furthermore, the cases are designed to work well both in small-group settings (discussion cases) and in large-format lecture halls (clicker questions and discussion cases). Thus, the cases can be used in the context of both traditional and integrated curricula. The cases were used both in ethics-focused educational settings and in sessions that focused mainly on clinical science. The content was discussed annually in a Medical Genetics (2004–2015) or Principles Integrating Science and Medicine (2016-present) course for first-year medical students, with the addition of new cases as the field progressed. These cases were used at the Boston University School of Medicine beginning in 2004. This case collection also includes facilitator teaching notes, a student handout, and a slide presentation to aid in implementation in the classroom. This current collection of discussion and clicker/discussion cases aims to delve further into these emerging areas in genomic medicine and provide educational tools to encourage critical thinking and analysis of the scientific, ethical, legal, and social implications of these genomic technologies. 21 There is also a small series of online cases 22 that touches upon a number of these topics but does not provide teaching notes or discussion prompts to make the cases usable for in-depth discussion in the classroom. ![]() Rather, trainees need to be comfortable with contemplating the ethical implications of the genomic technologies they will be using in the clinic so as to adapt in this rapidly evolving field.Ī small number of resources have been developed that can be used to introduce trainees to the ethics surrounding genetic testing for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, 16 noninvasive prenatal testing for single-gene disorders, 17 preimplantation genetic diagnoses, 18 the clinical utility of whole exome or genome sequencing, 19 nondirective counseling, 20 and privacy of genetic test results. 14 Notably, experts in the field do not uniformly support these recommendations, 15 indicating that simply memorizing a group of practice guidelines is not sufficient. For instance, the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics has systematically provided clinical and ethical guidance on genetic testing in the context of direct-to-consumer genetic testing, 9 noninvasive prenatal screening, 10 and clinical exome and genome sequencing, 11 especially as this last point pertains to the reporting of secondary findings 12, 4 and informed consent. 3– 5Īlthough general frameworks for ethics in the practice of medical genetics have been proposed, 6– 8 with the development of new genetic and genomic technologies have come new specialized cases requiring application-specific ethical analyses. 1, 4 Discussion of the nuances of these testing strategies in the context of direct-to-consumer genetic testing, identification of secondary findings in genomic strategies, and other ethically complex scenarios is imperative in order for trainees and physicians to fully consider responsible use of genomic technologies. This in order to offer our readers the best options for their favorite games.As understanding of the genetic basis of human disease has grown, genetic testing applications for these conditions have grown in parallel. Next, we leave you with a short video that illustrates the steps we have described above. So, as we said at the beginning, it is important to know this for the moment when we can count on these wonderful tricks again. This will open a dialog window where we can enter the codes of our preference. Therefore, it is important to know how to redeem them and thus be able to enjoy all the benefits that they bring to us.įirst, we need to click on the Rebirth option located at the bottom right of our screens. Just because we don’t have Clicker Case codes right now doesn’t mean we won’t have them in the future. Next, we leave you a list with all the expired tricks of this incredible game. In this order of ideas, we have to tell you that the codes that you perhaps knew already stopped working. ![]()
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